This matter is before the Court on the defendants' Motions for Summary Judgment and the plaintiffs' Response. The issues to be determined herein are the dischargeability of excise taxes, taxes assessed under 26 U.S.C. '6672, and fees and assessments pursuant to Kentucky Revised Statutes 131.440 and 141.990(1). The parties have submitted briefs. This Court has jurisdiction of this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. '1334(b); it is a core proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. '157(b)(2)(I).

The Commonwealth of Kentucky Revenue Cabinet ("the Cabinet") filed its Answer on July 3, 1991, stating that withholding taxes are priority taxes and that the debt for such is nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. '523(a)(1)(A). The Cabinet also filed a Counterclaim for $168,762.49, with interest to July 3, 1991, and thereafter pursuant to KRS 341.183 for withholding taxes, penalties, and interest. The Internal Revenue Service ("the IRS") filed its Answer on July 17, 1991.

It is the Cabinet's position that the state withholding taxes which have been due and owing for more than three years immediately prior to the filing of the petition in bankruptcy are priority taxes pursuant to 11 U.S.C. '507(a)(7)(C), which establishes a priority for "a tax required to be collected or withheld and for which the debtor is liable in whatever capacity." The debt for such taxes is nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. '523(a)(1)(A), which provides that a tax "of the kind ... specified in section 507(a)(2) or 507(a)(7) of this title, whether or not a claim for such tax was filed or allowed ..." is not dischargeable.

Case law supports the Cabinet's position. The court in In re Torres, 117 B.R. 379, 384 (Bkrtcy.N.D.Ill. 1990), held that "...taxes described in '507(a)(7)(C), often referred to as 'trust fund taxes', are never dischargeable no matter how long the unpaid tax obligations have been outstanding." In addition, the plaintiffs' argument concerning the Cabinet's failure to file a claim in their bankruptcy case is laid to rest by the language of '523(a)(1)(A), supra, which makes it clear that the filing of a claim is not essential to a finding of nondischargeability.

Having determined that the debt for state withholding taxes is nondischargeable, the issue that remains concerning the Cabinet is the dischargeability of a cost of collection fee pursuant to KRS 131.440 and jeopardy assessments pursuant to KRS 141.990(1). The Cabinet maintains that both of these provisions are penal in nature, and are therefore nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. '523(a)(7). The Cabinet refers to 3 Collier on Bankruptcy ch. 523 (15th ed. 1991) for support of its position.

At &523.17. pp. 523-145-156, Collier discusses tax penalties. This discussion includes the following:

Footnote 9 to this paragraph adds that '523(a)(7)(B) "discharges tax penalties related to nondischargeable (emphasis added) tax liabilities incurred more than three years before the filing of the bankruptcy petition." Collier cites Roberts v. United States, 906 F.2d 1440 (10th Cir. 1990) in support of this position. This Court agrees with the Roberts court that '523(a)(7)(B) renders dischargeable these penalties due on the nondischargeable withholding taxes owed to the Cabinet by the plaintiffs.

As concerns the federal tax debt, the IRS states that plaintiff William F. Hardin is indebted to the United States in the amount of $127,420.56 plus interest as the result of an assessment made under 26 U.S.C. '6672 arising out of his failure, as a responsible officer, to pay taxes required to be withheld from employees of entities he controlled. The IRS states that the plaintiffs are indebted for excise taxes, interest and penalties for the fourth quarter of 1986 and the first quarters of 1987 and 1988, for a total of $40,409.62. The IRS has filed exhibits showing that returns for these taxes were not timely filed but were filed less than two years prior to the filing of the plaintiffs' bankruptcy petition.

The plaintiffs filed their bankruptcy petition on December 13, 1990; therefore, any tax for which a return was not timely filed but was filed less than two years prior to the date of filing of the bankruptcy petition (after December 13, 1988) is a tax of the sort described in '523(a)(1)(B)(ii). The debts arising from the excise taxes described above are therefore nondischargeable pursuant to this subsection.

Finally, this Court must consider the dischargeability of the assessment against William Hardin pursuant to 26 U.S.C. '6672. The IRS maintains that this tax debt is nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. ''523(a)(1)(A) and 507(a)(7)(C). The plaintiffs respond that the debt is dischargeable pursuant to '523(a)(7)(B). The court in In re Garrett, 126 B.R. 486 (Bkrtcy.E.D.Va. 1991), citing many of the cases relied upon by the IRS, supports the position of the IRS on this issue. That court stated that it

In conclusion, therefore, it is the opinion of this Court, based on all of the foregoing, that the plaintiffs' debt to the Cabinet for withholding taxes assessed for the periods May 1986, and November 1986 through June 1987 inclusively, and the interest thereon, is nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. '523(a)(1)(A). Penalties assessed in regard to such taxes are dischargeable, however, pursuant to '523(a)(7)(B). The plaintiffs' debt to the IRS for federal excise taxes for the fourth quarter of 1986 and the first quarters of 1987 and 1988, and the interest thereon, is nondischargeable pursuant to '523(a)(1). In addition, the assessment against William Hardin pursuant to 26 U.S.C. '6672, and the interest thereon, is nondischargeable pursuant to '523(a)(1).

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